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UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
The Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage is a treaty that was adopted on 2 November 2001 by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.〔UNESCO ("2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage" ) 2 November 2001〕 The convention is intended to protect "all traces of human existence having a cultural, historical or archaeological character," which have been under water for over 100 years.〔 This extends to the protection of shipwrecks, sunken cities, prehistoric art work, treasures that may be looted, sacrificial and burial sites, as well as old ports that cover the oceans floors.〔http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/underwater-cultural-heritage/the-underwater-heritage/〕 The preservation of underwater cultural heritage is significant as it allows for the retelling of its numerous historical events. As part of its duty to conduct scientific research and provide continuous education on the importance of underwater cultural heritage, UNESCO strives to maintain these sites for the enjoyment of current and future generations. The convention may provide a customary framework to help raise awareness and seek to combat the illegal looting and pirating occurring in waters worldwide. As an international body, member states of the convention agree to work towards the preservation of sunken cultural property within their jurisdiction and the high seas.
==Cultural Heritage==
As an international body, UNESCO continues to work towards the preservation of cultural goods worldwide. Similar to cultural property, only physical goods that are bestowed to future generations may fall into the protection of cultural heritage. It is thus a form of inheritance that allows current and future generations to learn about significant historical events.〔Frigo, Manlio. "Cultural property v. cultural heritage: A 'battle of concepts' in international law?." ''International Review of the Red Cross'' 86.854 (2004): 367–78 at 369.〕 Particular to the concept of heritage, international agreements exist under the Council of Europe such as the 1885 Convention on the Protection of Archaeological Heritage of Europe and the European Convention on the Protection of Archaeological Heritage. These bodies create broad legal protections around cultural heritage antiquities and sites that are specific to communities worldwide.〔 The 1954 Hague Convention was truly the first international convention that attempted to discuss the protection of cultural heritage. In defining property that is considered 'important' and 'valuable' for the good of the people, the issue of protecting cultural property became noticeable to international parties〔Forrest, C. J. S. (2002). "Defining 'underwater cultural heritage'". ''The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology'', 31(1), 3–11. doi:10.1006/ijna.2002.1022 p.3〕 It was only in the 1972 UNESCO Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, that the term Cultural Heritage was employed to define the cultural objects to be protected at an international level 〔Forrest, C. J. S. (2002). "Defining 'underwater cultural heritage'". ''The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology'', 31(1), 3–11. doi:10.1006/ijna.2002.1022 p. 7〕 However, due to its expansive definition, the concept of Cultural Heritage was further revised in the 1992 European Convention on the Protection of Archaeological Heritage. They serve to assert the universal value of protecting cultural objects that make up the history and identity of nations.
Along with the 100-year limitation period, the 2001 UNESCO Convention included the phrase 'Cultural, historical or archaeological character' as the qualifying concepts that define underwater cultural heritage.〔Forrest, C. J. S. (2002). "Defining 'underwater cultural heritage'". ''The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology'', 31(1), 3–11. doi:10.1006/ijna.2002.1022 p. 8〕 Because many objects of cultural heritage lose their significance when taken out of water, this convention seeks to ensure the preservation of sunken sites.
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